Crazy Cooking

Last time I was in Berlin, I cooked and baked bread about once a week. While I was staying at the Forth's house, I cooked a few times, but cooking stopped once I moved into res. I joked to Isabel that I needed to cook something soon because I was going through withdrawal. So, once I got back to Berlin, I not only cooked dinner but I also baked a loaf of bread. Considering that my other achievements for the day were getting up, playing four hours of Wii, and taking an hour-long bath, you'd think I was making up for the months spent in Vancouver.

I've noticed that the more I cook, the more I enjoy cooking, which isn't true for baking. I've helped my mom bake since I was about eight, and with a good recipe I can bake everything except complicated cakes and pastry. If I bake a batch of muffins, if I bake them again it'll probably take me slightly less time. If I cook a dish, when I go to make it again I can add new ingredients, change the way things were cooked, and the result is much improved. With bread it's a similar story- I can make a more complicated type of bread, or improve one I've made before. The fact that cooking is a lot more variable than baking is why I think I much prefer to cook than bake.

My cooking has also come a long way in the past ten years. When I was nine, I watched a TV show where they made crepe, and I decided I wanted to give it a try. I didn't ask someone older to help me, but luckily my brother happened to be around, and when he came into the kitchen he did not find me lightly frying a thin crepe like they had on TV, but rather I was deep-frying a solid mass of batter. He added milk to the batter and showed me how to spread the batter around, and crepe became my dish. Until I was 17, my repertoire consisted mainly of crepe and scrambled eggs, and I'm still considered the expert on cooking crepe, even though my dad and brother can probably cook them just as well. When my dad moved away for a year, my mom started asking me to cook occasionally, and by now I can cook quite a bit.

Although I can cook, my attempts at improvisation have consistently failed. My first attempt, at age 11, was to liven up a tomato soup I'd prepared, and so I added a bit of every spice on the spice rack- about 20 in total- stirred it all together, and took a sip. I still think it would have tasted fine until I added a heaping teaspoon of steak seasoning, but the final product was disgusting. I had to throw the whole pot of soup away, and I ended up eating a peanut butter sandwich, which was a much safer meal. For me, spicing up my food is equivalent to ruining it. But I still occasionally decide I want to try something new, which is why I ate fried bread for lunch.

I actually had fried potatoes and onions for lunch, and since I'd eaten something edible I decided to risk something inedible. Fried potatoes are great- they're the best thing you can do with old boiled potatoes, and with some scrambled eggs with fried potatoes and onions is a great meal. So I thought that maybe fried bread would be okay. My thinking was along the lines of "This might be crazy enough to work." And, in fact, bread fried in bacon fat served with eggs is delicious, and my dad makes it when he decides we need more saturated fat in our diets. I was going to try frying bread in oil to see if it tasted good. Served with the potatoes and onions, it tasted pretty good, considering that all the meal had was starch and oil.

I wasn't done experimenting yet, though. First I tried a piece fried in olive oil instead of rapeseed oil, but I added way too much oil and it was barely edible. Then, since the bread had so far seemed a little dry, I added some water before frying it. The hissing and snapping from the water was pretty cool, but I ended up with bread that was chewy, oily, and doughy, none of which are desirable properties in my mind. I was also pretty tired of fried bread by now. I tried toasting a piece and then lightly frying it, which was very disappointing. First of all, toasted bread tastes way better than fried bread, and secondly it didn't fry very evenly after toasting. Finally, I added beer while it was frying, and I had high hopes for this piece, because beer is tasty, and beer in bread is often quite tasty too. Although frying beer is really cool to watch, the beer-fried bread was, unsurprisingly, not very good.

In the end, frying bread is a waste of time, especially considering that toast is quite tasty. I had fun messing around with bread, though, and I think that the next time I make bruschetta, I'll probably lightly fry the bread in olive oil, because on its own the olive oil piece was actually pretty good, if way too oily. I also got my annual dose of experimentation, so I won't be trying anything crazy until I come back to Berlin next summer.

Ensuring Conservation

This post finishes the previous post, so read that one first. The cradle-to-cradle production system described here is lifted entirely from the book Cradle to Cradle.

The Confines of the Planet
In the previous post I made the case for conserving diversity of both culture and nature, and in this post I'll propose some actions we should take to do so. Before we examine possible actions, however, we must acknowledge certain constraints. The first is that natural and cultural diversity should grow, not be destroyed. Secondly, the Earth is a closed system in terms of natural resources, but the energy received from the Sun vastly exceeds our current needs. The only possible long-term production system, called "cradle-to-cradle" production recycles resources and uses renewable energy, and such a system would sustain our growth for centuries, if not millenia. The purpose of the Sustainability movement is, or should be, to convert a linear production system into a cyclical one.

Cradle to Cradle Production
The best sources of renewable energy we have developed are solar, wind, and geothermal, and and many companies, including even Google, are investing millions of dollars to make renewable energy competitive, so switching our energy production is a matter of time, investment, and will. Cycling resources is a more complicated matter, but it too is within our grasp. Nature has been recycling nutrients since life first began, and does so far more efficiently than we could manage, so all organic resources should be returned to nature. This means that our clothing will be compostable, and the chemicals used in its production will be non-toxic and biodegradable.

In our current cradle-to-grave production system, valuable inorganic resources are lost, meaning that further resources must be extracted at great economical and environmental cost. For instance, the steel in your car is a high-quality alloy with specific desirable properties. If the steel is recycled at all, it is added during steel production to produce low-quality steel. The desirable properties and expensive additives are lost. Heavy metals like lead are highly toxic, and their safe disposal is very expensive, so often they are not disposed of safely, making it very expensive for everyone else. If these important metals were recycled, both money and nature would be saved.

The Triple-Bottom Line
One of the best tools of sustainable development is the triple-bottom line, where ecology and equity are given the same priority as economy. Why is a triple-bottom line necessary? A company that performs a cost-benefit analysis will ignore any costs that are externalized: costs that they should pay, but that they can pass on to society, for instance by dumping heavy metals as I described above. Many mining operations proceed with the full intention of passing the cost onto the government: for a proposed mine, a company is created by one of the large mining companies, who then underestimate the clean-up costs, extract the ore, and declare bankruptcy when clean-up time comes. The profits go to the large mining company while the costs are paid by the government's environmental agency.

In practice, ecological and social impact cannot be calculated for a specific development. Therefore, rather than developers having a literal triple-bottom line, the concept means that developers examine social and environmental impacts in detail and balance those against the economic benefit. This does not guarantee absolute sustainability, but it provides a way for development to incorporate sustainability, so that the end result is more sustainable.

Confronting Overpopulation
One of the consequences of the constraints is that societies cannot grow rapidly and be sustainable, because each extra human consumes extra resources, so Amazonian rainforest, with its indigenous species and people, is converted to grass and cows, and diversity is destroyed. Therefore we must try to limit our growth until we reach the point that we can produce biomass from inorganic materials (there's plenty of inorganic carbon and hydrogen.) Overpopulation occurs when resources are too scarce to support the population. We all know the third world kind of overpopulation, but the first world is also overpopulated because we are living beyond the capacities of the planet. Therefore our first course of action should be to limit our own consumption to sane levels. After we have started to limit our own consumption, we should look to end overpopulation in the third world.

It's impossible to have sustained overpopulation in a region unless resources enter that region from elsewhere. Grain surpluses in the first world feed overpopulation in the third world. One highly beneficial action would be to end agricultural subsidies in the developed world and invest in the agriculture of the developing world. By subsidizing agriculture in the developed world, we limit the productivity of agriculture in the developing world, ensuring a country imports our grain if it can, or receives food aid if it cannot. Food aid is problematic because although it saves many lives, domestic farmers cannot compete with free, and the region is unable to sustain itself. By investing in agriculture in the developing world, we can help families become self-sufficient, reduce famine in those areas, and ensure that food aid is only provided when it is necessary. When death rates go down and incomes go up, birth rates also go down because having more children is no longer necessary to survive. By first improving our own habits, countries that develop do not adopt our excessive consumption, and the stress on the Earth decreases.

Eternal Optimism
As I hope my first post made clear, the main problems threatening our species existence result from our destruction of diversity, so conserving biological and cultural diversity is an immense task. I am, and always shall be, optimistic, and I consider my optimism justified. Never in our history have we been faced with such immense obstacles, and should we succeed humanity will be more prosperous and enlightened than ever before. The consequences of failure are horrifying, but I reject the idea that we will fail because with those terrible consequences in mind, we must and shall do what is right. Hopefully, having read this, you will go and prove that my optimism is justified.

The Importance of Diversity

We are at a point in history of unprecedented destruction of both the environment and culture that threatens our survival as a species. To solve these problems, we must first understand their roots, and then figure out how to solve them. This post explains the causes of the problem, the next deals with possible solutions.

Living within Nature
I became a devout believer in environmental conservation when I saw E. O. Wilson's presentation on biodiversity. Click on the link, watch the presentation, and you will understand why conservation is important, because he explains it much better than I can. I'm serious, go watch it now. If you're reading this, you've got spare time to watch possibly the most important presentation I've seen. As he explains, our knowledge of Earth and its inhabitants is dwarfed by what we don't yet understand. We only know 1% of the bacteria species that are estimated to exist, and our knowledge of fungi is scarcely better. Only recently have we discovered that our efforts are having any negative impact whatsoever, and now we see mass-extinctions, extensive pollution, degradation of land, and global warming.

Diversity is important because it makes for a robust system. Life has existed for 3.7 billion years with continued expansion because it regulates itself. Every species occupies a niche, and if that species expands beyond its niche, the other species will respond and push it back in. That niche can grow and intrude on other species, but only if environmental conditions are favourable. Diversity ensures that if environmental conditions turn unfavourable for the majority of species, they will be favourable for a minority of species, who will then expand and diversify, ensuring the ecosystem survives indefinitely.

In the Agricultural Revolution, we learned how to alter our environmental conditions, so that our niche was no longer relevant. Since then, our culture has been pursuing a path of absolute mastery, but since we do not understand the complex system we are trying to alter, we have caused considerable damage to diversity in the process. Becoming absolute masters means filling the role that diversity plays in keeping ecosystems healthy, which requires a complete understanding of every aspect of the system. Those who believe that we do not need to change our ways do not realize how complex the system they think we should master really is. Our continued survival depends on realizing that we have to life within nature.

The Need for Cultural Diversity
Ethnological conservation first appeared as a serious issue when I saw this presentation several months ago. His argument, supported by stunning photos and stories, is that each indigenous culture, with its unique language and mythology, is an invaluable expression of the human spirit, that our culture needs their knowledge and perspectives. I only fully understood this argument when I read Ishmael, and I now understand that cultural diversity is just as necessary as biodiversity. Indigenous cultures have survived in their ecosystems for thousands of years, and would continue to survive if we weren't destroying their habitat. History is littered with young and stupid cultures that have brought own their own downfall, and the old cultures are the smart ones that have survived. If we assume that ours is the only relevant culture, then we'd better hope that we're a lot smarter than we appear, because we appear to be heading towards disaster.

Fortunately, if I understand the issue correctly, cultural and environmental degradation are caused by similar factors: marginalization of the culture leads to apathy, which allows habitat to be destroyed. Once we realize the true value of every species and culture, we will have to care, and we will have to act. My next post suggests some of the actions we will have to take.

Some Brief Points about Iran

What's this? An update? How surprising! Actually, I've been planning an update for a while, and have a post almost done, but I realized I could write a quick political post about Iran and get back into the swing of updating.

There is evidence that the U.S. may be planning a military strike against Iran. One of the possible pretexts is the resolution based by the Senate declaring the Iranian Revolutionary Guard a terrorist organization, making Iran a state sponsor of terrorism. There's no evidence that the Revolutionary Guard has supplied insurgent groups with arms, while there is evidence that external support for these groups has declined. Iraq is occupied by a foreign power, and that the U.S. is the largest donor of military aid, so criticizing Iran for aiding insurgent groups and meddling in Iraqi affairs is quite ridiculous.

The main reason for war is Iran's nuclear weapons program, which is allowed by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty that both the U.S. and Iran have signed. Although Iran has been fully cooperating with the IAEA, the U.S. has ignored the treaty and is researching new weapons and keeping its old ones. The fact that the main obstacle to getting a nuclear bomb is enrichment to 5% is concerning, but this calls for a new treaty, not economic sanctions or military actions. Iran is well within its rights, and the U.S. has no legitimacy to tell them to stop.

Military action against Iran, although still disastrous, would consist of air strikes rather than invasion, because the U.S. Army is already stretched in occupying Iraq. Iran would therefore not fall into the same violence and chaos that Iraq faces. I think that the worst consequences would actually be in Iraq, where resentment of U.S. occupation would increase even further. Violence would increase, and withdrawal would happen more quickly and chaotically. Violence would also rise in Pakistan, where fundamentalist forces would benefit from anger against the U.S. and its allies. Thankfully, I don't see much benefit for the Bush administration in this action. However, the Bush administration might nonetheless be desperate enough to whip up support for its foreign policy that it would attack Iran. For now, I hope it doesn't come to that.

More posts to follow! And they won't be political, so you don't have to ignore them.